Early Childhood Nutrition Shapes Intelligence

The human brain undergoes its most rapid cognitive development before kindergarten, forming connections between nerve cells and a layer of insulation around them so signals travel more efficiently. This development relies on certain nutrients from food sources, including iron, iodine, vitamin D, choline, healthy fats and whole grains. Adolescence presents a second period of accelerated brain change, prompting some scientists to speculate whether improved teenage diets could enhance cognitive abilities. However, studies on this topic have yielded mixed results, possibly caused by poorly designed studies.

A systemic review published by Advances in Nutrition suggests that the dietary habits of children during their earliest years may shape their intelligence well into adolescence. The researchers analyzed 48 controlled trials and 25 long-term studies that tracked the diet and educational performance of individuals over many years, starting with infancy. The analysis revealed that children with poor diets in their first three years of life had lower scores on intelligence tests as teenagers, even after accounting for family income, parental education and other background factors. No single nutrient emerged as a significant influence on cognitive development because the brain’s use of nutrients varies across different developmental stages.